Thursday, December 26, 2019

The Meaning of Mental Health and Ill-health - 2189 Words

Mental health as Pilgrim (2005) stated is used positively to indicate a state of psychological wellbeing and negatively to indicate its opposite, or euphemistically to indicate facilities used by, or imposed upon, people with mental problems (pg 3) although Richards (2002) argued the concept of sanity and insanity are relative and may vary according to individual and social perspectives, and illustrated that an acceptable behaviour at an arts festival may not be perceived similar in a private home and that there are times when every one of us could be considered to be in an abnormal state of mind (pg 13-15) and in that regard dispensed the term ‘madness’ which could have emotive meaning, is neither a medical term nor a diagnosis and could†¦show more content†¦Ã¢â‚¬ËœIdeas’ in the philosophical sense do not fall within this scope; its enquiries are restricted entirely to facts† psychological and psychiatric treatments according to Szasz were coercion of patients by practitioners and hence mythical healing masquerading as humane medical treatments (Szasz, 2006; pp. 42-49). He demonstrated that ‘civil commitment’ and ‘insanity defence’ which were paradigms of psychiatric practices were irreconcilable with the values of individual liberty, but were used by both psychiatrists and anti-psychiatrists alike (Szasz, 2009). The World Health Organization (World Health Organization, 2005) however defines mental health as â€Å"a being of well-being in which the individual realises his or her own abilities, can cope with normal stresses of life, can work productively and fruitfully, and is able to make a contribution to his or her community†, while the existential psychoanalyst Abraham Maslow (1954) invoked the idea of self actualization referring to fulfilment of one’s human potential (Pilgrim, 2005) and the Department of Health (2004) in its Draft Mental Health Bill defined mental disorder as an im pairment in theShow MoreRelatedThe Representation Of Mental Illness1426 Words   |  6 Pagesthinking of mental illness, what image pops into your head? An unstable old lady in restraints talking to herself? A pre-teen harming themselves in a bathroom stall? Norman Bates? The Joker? All these inaccurate examples stem from the medias representation of mental illness. This is an important issue to address as, society has been fed these wrongful depictions for decades and it can be challenging to overcome and shift these presentations (Uwujaren). The representation of mental ill health in filmRead MoreThe Media Influences Public Attitude Essay1500 Words   |  6 PagesThe media, who influance the publics attitudes towards issues such as the mental health stigma, have the ability to determind individuals perceptions and opinions on important matters due to the way they present the information. For example if the media were trying to create a barrier between those with mental illnesses and those without this could easily be done by only publishing negative stories reguarding the situation. The Press Complaints Commission The press complaints commission (PCC), whichRead MoreThe Study Of Mental Health1654 Words   |  7 PagesThe study of mental health in our country has been around for over 100 years. The definition of mental health in the Diagnostic Statistical Manual (DSM) has changed in all five of the editions. In the 1st edition: reflected a psychodynamic approach and the disorders were classified on the basis of presumed causes otherwise, known as organic brain dysfunction or socio-environmental stressors (1952). In the 2nd edition, it focuses on description and a precise categorization, eliminating the prior focusRead MoreMental Health Service Delivery Models1146 Words   |  5 PagesMental health illness is related to a group of illness, anxiety and stress are the most common health problems. Mental illness affects how a person feels, thinks, behaves, and interacts with other people (Department of Health, 2007). Mental health service delivery models in Australia has significantly changed fro m institutional care to the community care setting (Frost et al., 2017). This easy will discuss about he changes in services before and post institutional, how recovery model introduced inRead MoreThe Effects Of Occupational Therapy On The Health Of Individuals1422 Words   |  6 Pagestherapy was founded on the principle that participation in meaningful activity is important to the health of individuals. Mental health is very important to the well-being of an individual and those around them. 450 million people experience mental and neurological disorders around the world. These disorders are the leading 5-10 causes of disability worldwide. As services for individuals with mental illness have shifted from the hospital to the community, there has also been a shift in the philosophyRead MoreThe Medicalization of Deviance and Overview of Mental Health Courts1716 Words   |  7 Pagesdeviance as stated by Horwitz (1981) is primarily used as a tool to identify the causes of deviance w ithin an individual rather than in the faults of society (p. 750). The types of deviant behaviors addressed by medicalization in the U.S. includes: mental illness (insanity), child abuse, sexual abuse, homosexuality, alcoholism, delinquency, hyper activity, and the biological study of crime (Horwitz, 1981, p.750). As outlined by Owens et al., (2012) the three ways medicine can be a direct social controlRead MorePsychological Labels863 Words   |  4 PagesTo what extent do psychological labels affect one’s identity? When researching how mentally-ill people feel with psychological labels leading to public stigma against mentally-ill individuals in human society, most sociologists discuss the individuals lower self-efficacy, self-confidence, and social withdrawal from everyday activities (See Corrigan and Watson). Mentally-ill people have felt the negative pressure against them from society for decades; the negative stigma makes them feel inadequateRead MoreThe Stigma Associated With Mental Health1641 Words   |  7 PagesMost people with mental health illness feels diminished, devalued, and fearful because of the prejudicial attitudes and discriminatory behaviours that society held towards them. The stigma associated with mental health illness often marginalized and disenfranchises the affected individuals and families in the society, which means that they â€Å"may experience discrimination in areas of health care, employment, education, justice, and housing†(1). The feeling of fear to be discriminated against limitedRead MoreThere Has Been An Increase In The Proportion Of Persons Who Associate Mental Illness With Dangerousness1675 Words   |  7 Pagesï » ¿Ã¢â‚¬Å"There has been an increase in the proportion of persons who associate mental illness with dangerousness, violence, and unpredictability† (Markowitz, 2005: 3) With reference to t his statement, what is the public understanding of the nature and extent of mental disorder and how accurate is this? Intro This essay will look at the public understanding of the nature of mental disorder and to what extent it is associated with dangerousness and violence. The essay will begin by exploring the public’sRead MoreSuicide Is Responsible For Nearly 4500 Deaths994 Words   |  4 Pagesinfluence that can cause bad mental health. The United States has much history of mental health issues. In the earlier years, hospitals dealt with many people that who had mental health conditions. It was said to be for â€Å"ways in which trends in psychiatry and cultural understanding of mental illness influence† (Module 2). Meaning that they wanted to see how and why people had these conditions. In many cultures such as Ancient Egyptian, Indian and more, they categorized a mental illness as a problem. And

Wednesday, December 18, 2019

Analysis Of United We Dream And The Federation For...

3. Policy Actors: Representative of Virginia, Scott Taylor and Representative of Washington, Dan Newhouse are two government officials who are actively involved with DACA. United We Dream and The Federation for American Immigration Reform (FAIR) are two interest groups who are also active in this policy problem. Representatives Scott Taylor and Dan Newhouse initiated a signed letter to the House Speaker Paul Ryan demanding for a passage of a permanent DACA solution before the year ends (House 2017). In total, Taylor and Newhouse were able to receive another 32 signers, all being representatives of other states (House 2017). The 34 Representatives â€Å"agree that our border must be enforced, our national security defended, and our broken†¦show more content†¦4. What has happened: There have been two legislative actions in my policy area. The Development, Relief, and Education for Alien Minors (DREAM) Act and the Solution for Undocumented Children through Careers, Employment , Education and Defending our Nation (SUCCEED) Act have been introduced to Congress (Tillett 2017). The SUCCEED Act was introduced into Congress on September 25, 2017, by Senators Thom Tillis, James Lankford, and Orrin Hatch (Penichet-Paul 2017). In short, â€Å"The SUCCEED Act would create a 15-year process that would allow young undocumented immigrants to earn the ability to be protected from deportation, work legally in the U.S., travel outside the country, and become a lawful permanent resident† (Penichet-Paul 2017). According to Skopos Labs, this bill has a 22% chance of being passed; â€Å"The overall text of the bill does little to affect its chances of being enacted† (succeed). The 2017 DREAM Act was introduced into on July 20, 2017, by Congresswoman Ileana Ros-Lehtinen and Lucille Roybal-Allard (Penichet-Paul 2017). â€Å"This bipartisan, bicameral bill would provide Dreamers — young undocumented immigrants who were brought to the United States as children and have lived in the U.S. at least four years — protection from deportation and an opportunity to obtain legal status if they meet certain requirements† (Penichet-Paul 2017). As for the chances of this bill passing, â€Å"Securing the congressional support neededShow MoreRelatedThe DREAM Act Essay1221 Words   |  5 PagesEvery year, about 2.8 million students graduate from a United States high school. They have dreams of going to college or to the military to have an opportunity to make something of their lives. However, each year, there is also a group of about 65,000 students who will not have that chance to advance in their lives (CIR_DREAM paragraph 1). They are unable to do so because they were brought to the US illegally by their parents when they were children, and have the status of an illegal immigrant.Read MoreWhy Illegal Immigrant Is A Slur By Charles Garcia Essay1651 Words   |  7 Pagesarise in not only this article, but the argument in general. Strawman fallacies and misconstruing of words are the main faults that seem to make up Garcia’s statements. This can be largely contributed to this new culture or trend in modern America where we have begun to favor sensitivities, narratives, or what is called political correctness, over facts and unbiased judgements. Or in other words, law and justice takes the back seat when it comes to potentially offending someone’s feelings. In the beginningRead MoreEssay on Illegal Immigration: Granting Amnesty1537 Words   |  7 Pagesfor their crossing which caused him to get deported from the United States. Tony, along with his two siblings, will have to wait twenty years to see his father again (Tony). They are not the only family, who has had these problems, and with Arizona’s new, immigration law, immigrants are required to have documents on them always, and police can stop whoever they think might be in the country illegally (Archibold). Although the immigration laws are in place to protect U.S. citizens, they can directlyRead MoreThe Economic Impact Of Illegal Immigration1603 Words   |  7 PagesAbstract This paper examines the economic impact of illegal immigration in the United States. This country was built with the help of millions of legally admitted immigrants, however today illegal immigration is a controversial topic. Despite the illegal status, millions of men and women work and contribute to local, state and national economies. An accepted idea is that most of the illegal immigrants cross the Mexico-US border, therefore most of the illegal immigrants should be Mexicans or fromRead MoreAction Forcing Event : The United States Of America3016 Words   |  13 PagesMEMORANDUM FOR THE PRESIDENT FROM: Doug Moritz SUBJECT: Immigration I. Action-Forcing Event: There are many governmental issues take place in the United States of America, very few require the immediate involvement of the President of the United States of America. Such an issue must be a current or potential situation that without the direct intervention of the President, the resulting consequences would be detrimental to the welfare of the United States. Among these few issues, in the year of 2014Read MoreBig Business vs. Labor, 1870-19254685 Words   |  19 Pagespeace and prosperity calmed the American people. Given hope by their success in maintaining the Union, the Progressive Era ensued. The previously forgotten vision of Alexander Hamilton was reborn and finally implemented. America was no longer the land of the yeoman farmer. Denizens of rural areas moved to the city and sought to work in the gradually industrializing regions of the country. As big business gained power, the laborers sought to achieve the American Dream of economic prosperity throughRead MoreOne Sig nificant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. Explain the Impact This Change Has Made on Our Lives and Why It Is an Important Change.163893 Words   |  656 PagesNew York City Landscape Gerda Lerner, Fireweed: A Political Autobiography Allida M. Black, ed., Modern American Queer History Eric Sandweiss, St. Louis: The Evolution of an American Urban Landscape Sam Wineburg, Historical Thinking and Other Unnatural Acts: Charting the Future of Teaching the Past Sharon Hartman Strom, Political Woman: Florence Luscomb and the Legacy of Radical Reform Michael Adas, ed., Agricultural and Pastoral Societies in Ancient and Classical History Jack Metzgar, StrikingRead MorePolitical Situation in Pakistan14875 Words   |  60 Pagesthe situation has, to be understood properly. The world in which we live is moving towards a culmination, which might be a universal catastrophe. It will not be just another Dien Bien Phu. This is the difference between Dien Bien Phu and the present crisis, between 1954 and 1968. We arc on the edge of a precipice. Below lies the valley of death. Must we let ourselves fall into it consciously by marching ahead to disaster or should we not draw back? There is no alternative but to pull hack. This doesRead MoreFundamentals of Hrm263904 Words   |  1056 Pagespart of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, scanning or otherwise, except as permitted under Sections 107 or 108 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act, without either the prior written permission of the Publisher, or au thorization through payment of the appropriate per-copy fee to the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc. 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, website www.copyrightRead MoreMonsanto: Better Living Through Genetic Engineering96204 Words   |  385 Pages441 441 CASE STUDIES A summary of the case analysis I N T R O D U C T I O N Preparing an effective case analysis: The full story Hearing with the aid of implanted technology: The case of Cochlearâ„ ¢ – an Australian C A S E O N E high-technology leader Delta Faucet: Global entrepreneurship in an emerging market C A S E T W O DaimlerChrysler: Corporate governance dynamics in a global company C A S E T H R E E Gunns and the greens: Governance issues in Tasmania C A S E F O U R Succeeding in the

Tuesday, December 10, 2019

Was Jim Jones A Prophet Essay Research free essay sample

Was Jim Jones A Prophet Essay, Research Paper Was Jim Jones a Prophet? RELI 320 February 12, 2001 November 18, 1978 it all ended. Jim Jones and his followings committed mass self-destruction in Guyana, South America. The history of Jim Jones and the Peoples Temple is still studied a great trade today. Why did all those people follow Jones? Were they forced, were they encephalon washed, or was Jones merely that magnetic. In this paper we will examine deep into Jonestown and reply some of these inquiries. We will be utilizing Max Webber # 8217 ; s article # 8220 ; The Prophet # 8221 ; happen out if Jones was a prophesier, if so what sort of prophesier was he. We will besides compare and contrast Webber # 8217 ; s theories of magnetic leading at an effort to understand Jim # 8217 ; s activities, successes, and failures. Jones started off in Indiana a subdivision of the Wesleyan Church. Jones separated from the church because the Methodist church did non desire to let integrating of inkinesss and Whites. When Jones eventually separated from the church and started his ain church called the peoples temple. Here everyone was welcome. Jones believed that it was his ethical responsibility to incorporate the church they manner that God wanted it. He demanded obeisance as his ethical responsibility. Because of these things Jones was an ethical prophesier when he resided in Indiana. When Jones discovered that his church had more growing potency in California where the black population was much larger. They packed up the church and headed to California. Here is where Jones took more of an aggressive attack to recruitment of people. He besides developed a stronger power arrested development and would make anything for a larger fold. Jones had fixed healings to do him look god-like and to hold ultimate power. Jones besides convinced his married woman that it was acceptable for him to have multiple sexual spouses while others were non. In California Jones appeared to be out chiefly for his ain ego involvement non the church. Because of this Jones displacements from an ethical prophesier to an model prophesier. After the insurgent tactics of the Peoples Temple, they started to experience the force per unit area from the society around them. So once more Jones moved the Church and anyone able to the perfect Utopian society, Guyana South America. Here they named their society Jonestown. The Church made everything they needed and were basically isolated from the remainder of the universe. In Guyana, Jim was going less and less of import every twenty-four hours. Everyone built the society so everyone had somewhat of stock invested, doing Jim less of import. When Jim saw his importance attenuation, he faked legion hurts to derive attending. Jim claimed to have malignant neoplastic disease although an necropsy showed no malignant neoplastic disease was nowadays in his organic structure. Even though Jones forbid the usage of drugs, he became dependent on barbiturates and analgesics. His alibi was that he needed them for the hurting of his non-existent hurts. Then as rapidly a s it grew it ended. The People Temple killed a congresswoman coming to detect their life manner. Knowing the reverberations of this Jones organized a radical self-destruction that proved to everyone that they would non free. In Guyana, Jones became a selfish nut where all he wanted was more power that he could no longer obtain as he did in California. You can non sort Jim as any type of prophesier in Guyana. Jones was manner excessively selfish, lazy, and unimportant to be considered anything but a wimp. Max Webber has many theories about Prophetss and their categorization. Some of which describe Jones and some that do non. First, Jones had an unbelievable sum of personal appeal. He convinced his married woman it was OK for him to have kept womans. He told everyone that they could non take drugs yet he was an nut himself. Finally, He convinced everyone in Jonestown to perpetrate self-destruction. Any adult male that can make these things is a magnetic chef-doeuvre. Having this personal appeal truly helped Jones persuade others to make his command. Second, a typical prophesier propagates thoughts for his ain interest non fees or any regulated signifier. Jones truly neer demanded any money. He was out for the power and the glorification. This I think besides helped Jones. Peoples trusted him and neer asked for much in return merely to follow him. Third, a prophesier # 8217 ; s nucleus should be commandment or philosophy, non thaumaturgy. This is where Jones does non suit in. Jones in Indiana may hold had a nucleus of commandment and philosophy, but when he moved to California it turned to power and fraudulence. I mentioned earlier that he set up faked healings to do him look powerful when he was non. Even though Jones did non Fit into this class executing bogus healings truly gained him a batch of power and new recruits for the Peoples Temple. Do I believe that Max Webber # 8217 ; s theories and classs explain Jones and his actions? Not truly, even though Jones met most of the standards to be a prophesier, he was all of them and none of them. His behaviour was wholly fickle most of the clip and I believe he was corrupted by his ain power. Because of this it is really hard for the theories to work. Jim Jones was a adult male that started something good but was finally corrupted by his power and control. In this paper I talked about Jones and how he transformed from an ethical prophesier in Indiana to an model prophesier in California to Neither in Guyana. I described how some of Webber # 8217 ; s theories fit Jones and how others did non fit Jones. I discussed the activities, successes and failures because of Jim # 8217 ; s Charisma. I don # 8217 ; t cognize if we will of all time truly cognize all the inside informations of Jonestown, but nevertheless they should be a strong reminder and learning tool on how there is a thin line between right and incorrect when it comes to utilizing power and mistreating it. Max Webber # 8220 ; The Prophet # 8221 ; In Class Reading M.M Maaga # 8220 ; Hearing the Voices of Jonestown # 8221 ; In Class Reading

Monday, December 2, 2019

White Privilege as it Pertains to White and Minority College Students Essay Example For Students

White Privilege as it Pertains to White and Minority College Students Essay â€Å"My (black) Caribbean students, as a whole, tend to perform much better than my African-American students. Well, consider it over the years, and particularly during slavery, the best and brightest blacks in this country were weeded out. I don’t believe that blacks are naturally inferior to whites, however, American blacks are the unfortunate end product of an enforced breeding process that has left them at a mental disadvantage. † Racism is often conceived as the summation of prejudice plus power. This does not have to do so much with the number of people in any group, but their access to ideological and material resources (including arms). In an American university environment, these ‘arms’ may be found in the shape of grades, scholarships and fellowships, the ability of professors to give or withhold positive reinforcement, and the self-images and convictions the students themselves, both white and minority, bring into this setting. We will write a custom essay on White Privilege as it Pertains to White and Minority College Students specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now The effects of ‘white privilege’, a little-acknowledged theory that whites enjoy â€Å"an invisible package of unearned assets,† resonate silently throughout the university system, deployed as subtle psychological hand grenades. White privilege is harmful not only to the minorities it relegates to the sidelines, but damaging to the whites who are either active or passive participants in this ideology. Here is my classroom. It is a 100 level sociology course. I am one of two white students in a class of mostly African-American and Caribbean-American students. The other white student and I, and an older African-American woman, are the only students to speak at least once every session. Our professor knows our names and listens attentively when we speak. This (white) professor has made a point of telling the class that she is politically liberal and interested and educated in many minority cultures. Yet, she rolls her eyes at the rough English spoken by one African-American student and glosses over the hesitant comments of others. It would seem, by the students’ tacit and silent acceptance of her behavior, that this is de rigueur, par for the course. These days, a college degree serves as one of the few tickets into a socially and economically comfortable lifestyle. College itself, ideally, should vastly increase the knowledge, skills, and capacity for critical thinking in its students. However, in this racially imbalanced society, college is the culmination of a white-weighted education, and often ignores its own participation in long-standing racial injustices and inequities. Minority students are expected to jump headlong into white standards of behavior, without regard for the unique circumstances that render that expectation difficult, if not impossible, to meet. My schooling gave me no training in seeing myself as an oppressor, as an unfairly advantaged person, or as a participant in a damaged culture. I was taught to see myself as an individual whose moral state depended on her individual moral will. My schooling followed the pattern my colleague Elizabeth Minnich has pointed out: whites are taught to think of their lives as morally neutral, normative, and average, and also ideal, so that when we work to benefit others, this is seen as work which will allow ‘them’ to be more like ‘us’ (McIntosh, p. 1). Today, this country prides itself on the great strides it has taken to promote racial equality and harmony. Many universities have incorporated diversity training as part of the curriculum. History and literature courses celebrating non-white cultures are prevalent in schools. Additionally, many affirmative action admission policies and scholarship programs are available to minority students. There is no denying that efforts have been made to minimize the gap between white and minority advantages. However, amidst these well-intentioned efforts, white privilege continues to shape the experiences of both white and minority students. Consider the following: Since an individual’s self-concept is based upon his experiences and since American society has gone to great lengths to teach the black that he is inferior, it has commonly been accepted that the black has somehow internalized this prevailing valuation and made it his own. The result, according to this formulation, is that the black experiences a deficiency in self-esteem (Baughman, p. 38). This â€Å"prevailing valuation† has a significant impact on the minority student. .u774b9bc4db7a3f2da8153eb3394c17d5 , .u774b9bc4db7a3f2da8153eb3394c17d5 .postImageUrl , .u774b9bc4db7a3f2da8153eb3394c17d5 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u774b9bc4db7a3f2da8153eb3394c17d5 , .u774b9bc4db7a3f2da8153eb3394c17d5:hover , .u774b9bc4db7a3f2da8153eb3394c17d5:visited , .u774b9bc4db7a3f2da8153eb3394c17d5:active { border:0!important; } .u774b9bc4db7a3f2da8153eb3394c17d5 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u774b9bc4db7a3f2da8153eb3394c17d5 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u774b9bc4db7a3f2da8153eb3394c17d5:active , .u774b9bc4db7a3f2da8153eb3394c17d5:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u774b9bc4db7a3f2da8153eb3394c17d5 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u774b9bc4db7a3f2da8153eb3394c17d5 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u774b9bc4db7a3f2da8153eb3394c17d5 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u774b9bc4db7a3f2da8153eb3394c17d5 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u774b9bc4db7a3f2da8153eb3394c17d5:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u774b9bc4db7a3f2da8153eb3394c17d5 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u774b9bc4db7a3f2da8153eb3394c17d5 .u774b9bc4db7a3f2da8153eb3394c17d5-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u774b9bc4db7a3f2da8153eb3394c17d5:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: The Syrian Refugee Crisis essayMany minority students have experienced, based on their race, derision, inattentiveness, or inadequate encouragement in both prior school environments and other life experiences. Even those who may not have experienced discrimination directed specifically toward them are aware of the long history of racism in this country and longstanding attitudes and expressions of white supremacy. Minority students are aware that this is not such a free country; ones life is not what one makes it; many doors open for certain people through no virtues of their own. In proportion as my racial group was being made confident, comfortable, and oblivious, other groups were likely being made unconfident, uncomfortable, and alienated. Whiteness protected me from many kinds of hostility, distress, and violence, which I was being subtly trained to visit in turn upon people of color (McIntosh, p. 31). The following list is the result of a study conducted on minority students in math and science classes. It lists various potential factors that can positively and negatively affect the minority’s school performance. Persistence: Those students who are unsuccessful in mathematics and science have not developed the ability to persist. Having the ability to persist in the face of conflict is essentially related to a positive self-concept. Stereotyping: Many teachers, both majority and minority, as well as many minority students tend to stereotype mathematics and science as White male domains. Utility: Minority students are less likely to understand how the study of mathematics and science is applicable to everyday life, as well as valuable to their future schooling and jobs. Influence of Significant Others: Teachers, counselors, parents, and peers have a role in shaping students participation in mathematics and science. Without this guidance, students have a more difficult time achieving in the classroom. Previous Experiences: Minority students tend to perform best when the content is related to their previous experiences; frequently, curriculum does not relate to their experiences. Academic Deficiencies: Achievement test performances by minority students indicate growing competency in basic skills, but weakness in understanding and applying concepts. Language: Limited English-proficient minority students encounter limitation in English-speaking mathematics and science classrooms, and on achievement tests. Misuse of Testing and Test Data: The use of standardized test data to predict achievement and to assess ability is detrimental to minority students. Learning Styles: Instructional strategies frequently do not complement the learning styles of many minority students. Teacher Expectations: Educators often perceive minorities as having inferior ability. This perception translates into an expectation of low achievement, which is communicated to and internalized by the minority student (Internet Source) These factors are not often considered in a university environment. In fact, it may be said, that there is a stigma associated with the idea of instituting programs that address the more profound issues within these social problems. However, it must be realized that the university system in this country is neither removed from nor neutral toward racial concerns. Rather, it is a mainstream institution in this country, founded upon the principles, customs, and history of white Anglo-Saxons. This may be exhibited by something as disturbing as the statement at the top of this document, or by such subtle means as the textbooks that only portray white faces. Again, it is not that there has been no action in resolving this issue, but rather that there are still fundamental imbalances deep within the heart of society that must be made aware of and addressed. On the other hand, the white student’s school performance is not affected by concerns stemming from his or her race. According to Ruth Frankenberg, white culture is viewed by many whites as ‘no culture† (Frankenberg, p. 176). Whiteness is not so much void, but rather acts as the dominant norm. To the white student, whiteness is the normative ideal precisely because it is unrecognized, unacknowledged and therefore unchallenged. Adrienne Rich’s terminology for this tendency to generalize specifically white cultural practices and perceptions of the world as normal is â€Å"white solipsism† (Rich qtd. in Spelman, p. 36). This does not always entail consciously believing that one race is inherently superior to all others; but a â€Å"tunnel?vision which simply does not see nonwhite experience or existence as precious or significant† (Rich qtd. n Spelman, p. 36). One effect of this is the belief that those values held dear by white, and perhaps middle?class people, are of importance to everyone. .u1ec611815fb7cb0858d94881897e062b , .u1ec611815fb7cb0858d94881897e062b .postImageUrl , .u1ec611815fb7cb0858d94881897e062b .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u1ec611815fb7cb0858d94881897e062b , .u1ec611815fb7cb0858d94881897e062b:hover , .u1ec611815fb7cb0858d94881897e062b:visited , .u1ec611815fb7cb0858d94881897e062b:active { border:0!important; } .u1ec611815fb7cb0858d94881897e062b .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u1ec611815fb7cb0858d94881897e062b { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u1ec611815fb7cb0858d94881897e062b:active , .u1ec611815fb7cb0858d94881897e062b:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u1ec611815fb7cb0858d94881897e062b .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u1ec611815fb7cb0858d94881897e062b .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u1ec611815fb7cb0858d94881897e062b .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u1ec611815fb7cb0858d94881897e062b .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u1ec611815fb7cb0858d94881897e062b:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u1ec611815fb7cb0858d94881897e062b .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u1ec611815fb7cb0858d94881897e062b .u1ec611815fb7cb0858d94881897e062b-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u1ec611815fb7cb0858d94881897e062b:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: The Masque Of The Red Death EssayIt seems that many people do not understand that their world?view is socially constructed, rather than ‘natural’ or ‘normal. ’ Another important effect is that in the white and larger mainstream society, whites are seen and judged as individuals based on their own merits or shortcomings, while minority individuals are grouped together and are often seen as anonymous extensions of one negatively viewed body. I can go shopping alone most of the time, pretty well assured that I will not be followed or harassed. Whether I use checks, credit cards, or cash, I can count on my skin color not to work against the appearance of financial reliability. I can swear, or dress in second hand clothes, or not answer letters, without having people attribute these choices to the bad morals, the poverty, or the illiteracy of my race† (McIntosh, p. 31) E. Earl Baughman discussed another aspect of racism that may address the heart of the issue. It forces up to consider the possibility that the self-esteem of the average white is also significantly damaged by his experiences in the social structure of which he is a part. In this regard, we suspect that the black often overestimates the degree of self-satisfaction that resides in his white neighbor. Indeed, the very fact that the white man has found it necessary to push the black man down as inferior suggests the operation of a compensatory mechanism, the goal being to reassure the white of his self-worth. (Baughman, p. 42) The significance of this quote is the expression that our society, and its inhabitants, is damaged; that is, at least, according to our own dearly held ideologies: peace, justice, freedom, brotherhood. For people of color, race acts as a filter through which they perceive the world. White people tend not to look at the world through this filter of racial awareness, despite the fact that they also comprise a race. More often than not, white people see those affected by racial oppression as black or other people of color. Yet, it is a sign of privilege to have the freedom not to think about racism or ponder your location in the racial order. But that is a privilege not even whites hold. It is a mistake to assume that challenging racism is solely for the benefit of people of color. Racism also damages whites because it works to keep us separate and distinct from people of color with whom powerful alliances might otherwise be built, alliances operating to our mutual benefit. Division and estrangement between whites and people of color support a system that oppresses the majority of both, for the benefit of relatively few; effectively denying the richness and knowledge we could offer each other.